Escherichia coli Infections, Third Edition

Shannon Manning, Alan Hecht

Description

Escherichia coli bacteria cause many illnesses of the gastrointestinal tract. Often, people come down with these diseases when they eat contaminated foods, especially ground beef or raw produce. Though E. coli infections are most common in less developed parts of the world, they are also a problem in the United States—contamination occurred in prepackaged cookie dough in 2009 and in spinach in 2006. But all E. coli are not harmful, as strains found in the human intestinal system can help with vitamin K production or in fighting harmful bacteria. This third edition of Escherichia coli Infections contains up-to-date information on the different strains of E. coli, including the latest outbreaks, statistics, diagnostic breakthroughs, and vaccine development.

Chapters include:

• E. coli Outbreaks


• What Is E. coli?


• E. coli Diseases


• E. coli Colonization and Transmission


• Epidemiology of E. coli Infections


• Disease Pathogenesis


• Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment


• Disease Prevention


• Future Possibilities and Concerns.

Sujets

• Santé et bien-être
• Santé du quotidien
• Santé au quotidien
• Santé au quotidien
• Bacteria
• Science
• Maladie infectieuse
• Prévention
• Escherichia coli
• Fitness
• Feed
• Health
• Food
• Infection
• Prevention
• Diagnosis
• Diagnóstico
• E. coli

Informations

• Publié par: Infobase Publishing
• Date de parution: 01 décembre 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781438194080
• Langue: English

Extrait

Escherichia coli Infections, Third Edition
Copyright © 2020 by Infobase
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For more information, contact:
Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001
ISBN 978-1-4381-9408-0
You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.infobase.com
Contents Foreword Chapters Outbreaks What Is E. Coli? E. Coli Diseases E. Coli Colonization and Transmission Epidemiology of E. Coli Infections Disease Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Treatment Disease Prevention Future Possibilities and Concerns Support Materials Glossary Further Resources About the Authors About the Consulting Editor Index
Foreword

Communicable diseases kill and cause long-term disability. The microbial agents that cause them are dynamic, changeable, and resilient: They are responsible for more than 17 million deaths each year, mainly in developing countries.
Approximately 46% of all deaths in the developing world are due to communicable diseases, and almost 90% of these deaths are from AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and acute diarrheal and respiratory infections of children. In addition to causing great human suffering, these high-mortality communicable diseases have become major obstacles to economic development. They are a challenge to control either because of the lack of effective vaccines, or because the drugs that are used to treat them are becoming less effective because of antimicrobial drug resistance.
Millions of people, especially those who are poor and living in developing countries, are also at risk from disabling communicable diseases such as polio, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, and onchocerciasis. In addition to human suffering and permanent disability, these communicable diseases create an economic burden—both on the workforce that handicapped persons are unable to join, and on their families and society, upon which they must often depend for economic support.
Finally, the entire world is at risk of the unexpected communicable diseases, those that are called emerging or re-emerging infections. Infection is often unpredictable because risk factors for transmission are not understood, or because it often results from organisms that cross the species barrier from animals to humans. The cause is often viral, such as Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and, currently, Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). In addition to causing human suffering and death, these infections place health workers at great risk and are costly to economies. Infections such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and the associated human variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in Europe, and avian influenza A (H5N1) in Asia, are reminders of the seriousness of emerging and re-emerging infections. In addition, many of these infections have the potential to cause pandemics, which are a constant threat to our economies and public health security.
Science has given us vaccines and anti-infective drugs that have helped keep infectious diseases under control. Nothing demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccines better than the successful eradication of smallpox, the decrease in polio as the eradication program continues, and the decrease in measles when routine immunization programs are adhered to by the public and are supplemented by mass vaccination campaigns.
Likewise, the effectiveness of anti-infective drugs is clearly demonstrated through prolonged life or better health in those infected with viral diseases such as AIDS, parasitic infections such as malaria, and bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia.
But current research and development is not filling the pipeline for new anti-infective drugs as rapidly as resistance is developing, nor is vaccine development providing vaccines for some of the most common and lethal communicable diseases. At the same time, providing people with access to existing anti-infective drugs, vaccines, and goods such as condoms or bed nets—necessary for the control of communicable diseases in many developing countries—remains a great challenge.
Education, experimentation, and the discoveries that grow from them are the tools needed to combat high mortality infectious diseases, diseases that cause disability, or emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. At the same time, partnerships between developing and industrialized countries can overcome many of the challenges of access to goods and technologies. This book may inspire its readers to set out on the path of drug and vaccine development, or on the path to discovering better public health technologies by applying our current understanding of the human genome and those of various infectious agents. Readers may likewise be inspired to help ensure wider access to those protective goods and technologies. Such inspiration, with pragmatic action, will keep us on the winning side of the struggle against communicable diseases.
David L. Heymann  Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, Great Britain
Chapters
Outbreaks

From September 20, 2019 through December 21, 2019, a total of 167 people suffering with stomach cramping, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting were reported from 27 states. 1   Ill people ranged in age from less than 1 to 89 years, with a median age of 27. Of those people who took ill, 64% were female. Of 165 ill people with information available, 85 (52%) hospitalizations were reported, including 15 people who developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a type of kidney failure. No deaths were reported.
The culprit—a type of bacteria called  Shiga toxin-producing   Escherichia coli (STEC)  O157:H7—was ultimately found to be responsible for the outbreak of the diarrhea, cramping and vomiting .   The source was romaine lettuce from the Salinas Valley growing region in California.
In interviews, ill people answered questions about the foods they ate and other exposures in the week before they became ill. Ninety-four (83%) of 113 people interviewed reported eating romaine lettuce. This percentage was significantly higher than results from a survey of healthy people in which 47% reported eating romaine lettuce in the week before they were interviewed. Ill people reported eating different types of romaine lettuce in several restaurants and at home.
The Maryland Department of Health identified the outbreak strain of  E. coli  O157:H7 in an unopened package of Ready Pac Foods Bistro Chicken Caesar Salad collected from a sick person’s home in Maryland. The Wisconsin Department of Health Services identified the outbreak strain of  E. coli  O157:H7 in an unopened bag of Fresh Express Leafy Green Romaine collected from an ill person’s home in Wisconsin. The Salinas Valley growing region in California was the main source of the romaine lettuce in both products.

People infected with the outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 contracted from romaine lettuce from the Salinas Valley growing region in California, by date of illness onset.
Source: Infobase.
Contaminated Food
During the same time period, more than 75,000 pounds of salad mix were recalled due to another multi-state E. coli outbreak. Missa Bay, LLC, a New Jersey company, issued the recall for around 75,233 pounds of salad products containing meat or poultry.  Once again, lettuce was implicated in the outbreak. 2   A total of 17 people from 8 states–Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, Washington and Wisconsin–reported being infected with E. coli, the CDC said in a statement. Of those infected, 7 people were hospitalized. No deaths were reported.
The Maryland Department of Health identified E. coli in an unopened package of Ready Pac Foods Bistro Chicken Caesar Salad that was collected from a sick person’s home in Maryland. All products from the same lot of lettuce were included in the Missa Bay recall. The recalled products were made from Oct. 14, 2019 through Oct. 16, 2019, and shipped throughout the country to Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) classified the health risk as "high" even after the recall. 
Prior to the outbreaks noted above, as of December 13, 2018, 59 people infected with the outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 were reported from 15 states and the District of Columbia. Illnesses started on dates ranging from October 5, 2018 to November 18, 2018. Ill people ranged in age from 1 to 84 years, with a median age of 26. Sixty-five percent of ill people were female. Of 50 people with information available, 23 (46%) were hospitalized, including two people who developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, a type of kidney failure. No deaths were reported. 3
In this outbreak, once again, romaine lettuce was the source of the infections. In interviews, ill people answered questions about the foods they ate and other exposures in the week before they became ill. Twenty-seven (84%) of 32 people interviewed reported eating romaine lettuce. This percentage is significantly higher than results from a survey of healthy people in which 47% reported eating romaine lettuce in the week before they were interviewed. Ill people reported eating different types of romaine lettuce in several restaurants and at home.
Preliminary traceback information from the FDA indicated that ill people in this outbreak ate romaine lettuce harvested from the Central Coastal growing regions of