Say Again, Please

Bob Gardner

Description

Talking on an aviation radio and understanding air traffic control instructions can be one of the most intimidating aspects of flight training. Bob Gardner''s "Say Again, Please" teaches readers what to say, what to expect to hear, and how to interpret and react to clearances and instructions, while detailing the airspace system and explaining how the ATC system works. This new Sixth Edition has been expanded and updated throughout to reflect current FAA rules and operating procedures.The communication requirements for entering, departing, and transiting each class of airspace is explained in detail by following along with the author on "simulated" flights. A full-color sectional excerpt, in an attached fold-out format, is provided for the example flights so readers can review the map while reading the explanation for flying and talking in each area. Readers will learn everything they need to communicate effectively in VFR, IFR, and emergency conditions. The example foldout sectional chart is in full color and is also used for example flights discussed throughout the book.Bob Gardner''s conversational-yet-concise writing style in his approach to aviation communications will help increase your comfort level when using an aircraft radio. The book features "talk" examples of typical radio transmissions that explain how the air traffic control system works, as well as present simulated flights that clearly demonstrate correct communication procedures in each class of airspace.This hands-on book covers the following:--The ABCs of communicating--Understanding radio equipment--Communication etiquette and rules--VFR, IFR, and emergency communication procedures--Air traffic control facilities and their functions--Review of airspace definitions--Glossary of pilot/controller communication terms and phrasesLet "Say Again, Please" help you learn how to communicate in the air.

Informations

• Publié par: Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.
• Date de parution: 01 juillet 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781619547773
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 50 Mo

Extrait

Say again, Gu p îde t l o Ra e dîo Co a mmu s nîcatîo e ns Bob Gardner 6th Edition

AVIATION SUPPLIES & ACADEMICS NEWCASTLE, WASHINGTON

Say Again, Please – Guide to Radio Communications Sixth Edition by Bob Gardner

Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. 7005 132nd Place SE Newcastle, Washington 98059-3153 asa2y.com ©1995–2019 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or other- wise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and Bob Gardner assume no responsibility for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

The ight and radio talk examples used throughout this book are for illustration purposes only, and are not meant to reect all of the possible incidences and communications that may occur in actual ight, nor does the author suggest by using existing facilities that the ight example given covers all possible parameters of an actual ight to or from those facilities. The airport photographs and chart excerpts are not for navigational purposes; refer to the current charts and theChart Supple- ment U.S.when planning your ight.

ASA-SAP-6-PD

ISBN978-1-61954-777-3

Photo and Illustration Credits: Aerial views of Washington State airports, courtesy Washington State Department of Transportation, Aviation Division; p.viii, Jim Fagiolo; p.2-2, p.2-3, courtesy Garmin; p.2-5 through 2-12, Telex Communications, Inc.; p.2-10 (top), Aloft Technologies; p.2-11 (left), Sigtronics; p.2-13 (top) King Silver Crown; p.2-13 (bottom), Terra; p.2-15, Narco Avionics; p.2-17, courtesy Garmin; p.3-2, 3-4, 3-7, 6-1, 10-3, Bob Gardner; p.3-14, Henry Geijsbeek; p.6-9 Olympia airport guide, courtesy Airguide Publications, Inc.;

Cover Photo: Jay Stilwell.

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Contents

About the Author ............................................. viii

Introduction....................................................... ix

Acknowledgements............................................ x

The ABCs of Communîcatîng The Pilot-Controller Partnership For Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Doing Things by the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Can’t We All Just Get Along? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Mike Fright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Technobabble Not Spoken Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Licensing1-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hello, Operator?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

Understandîng Your Equîpment Look At All Those Knobs and Buttons!2-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 GPS/Communication Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Squelch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Mikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 Speakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Headphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 Boom Microphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Intercoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Audio Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Transponders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 Handhelds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18

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A Matter of Procedure Phraseology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Why You Have Two Ears and One Mouth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 What’s In A Name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 NOVEMBER3-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First or Last?3-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Say It All in One Breath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 “Roger, Wilco, Over and Out”3-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Readbacks3-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Be Brief…But Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 “...VFR Bigburg.”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 “Say Again?”3-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Similar Callsigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 Type Confusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 Communicating an Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12 Minimum Fuel vs. Emergency Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 Simplex vs. Duplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 Hooked On Phonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

Class G Aîrspace There’s Not Much Of It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 UNICOM and MULTICOM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 Let’s Go Bore Some Holes in the Sky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 You Want Fries With That? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 The Tower of Babble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 When is a Tower Not a Tower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10 Tower in Class G Airspace? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Class E Aîrspace It’s Your Typical Flight Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . Departing Harvey Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over the Top of Paine Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Making Position Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radar Flight Following. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminating Radar Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Requests and Clearances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Requests or Instructions?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strange Field Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Departing a Strange Field in Class E Airspace . . . . No Radio (NORDO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . 5-1 . . . . . 5-2 . . . . . 5-5 . . . . . 5-6 . . . . . 5-7 . . . . . 5-7 . . . . 5-10 . . . . 5-12 . . . . 5-12 . . . . 5-12 . . . . 5-13 . . . . 5-13 . . . . 5-14

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Special Visual Flight Rules5-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beneath the Ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17

Class D Aîrspace When is a Tower Not a Tower? . . . . . . . . . Tower Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class G Tower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “What’s the ATIS?”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . One Voice, Two Frequencies. . . . . . . . . . . . Clearance Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Progressive Taxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Departures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hold Short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Position and Hold/Line Up and Wait”. Wake Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intersection Takeos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Request Frequency Change”. . . . . . . . . . Blocked Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special Visual Flight Rules (SVFR). . . . . . Satellite Airports in Class D Airspace. . . . Arriving at Olympia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strange Airport Arrival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In the Pattern and on Final Approach . . . Adjusting the Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Night Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Landing Alternatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land and Hold Short (LAHSO). . . . . . . . . NORDO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Departing a Satellite Airport . . . . . . . . . . . Just Passing Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When Your Eyes Deceive You . . . . . . . . . . UNICOM at Tower-Controlled Airports . A Final Word About Class D Airspace . . . Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . 6-1 . . . . . 6-5 . . . . . 6-5 . . . . . 6-6 . . . . . 6-7 . . . . 6-10 . . . . 6-10 . . . . 6-10 . . . . 6-11 . . . . 6-12 . . . . 6-12 . . . . 6-13 . . . . 6-13 . . . . 6-14 . . . . 6-15 . . . . 6-15 . . . . 6-17 . . . . 6-17 . . . . 6-20 . . . . 6-21 . . . . 6-24 . . . . 6-28 . . . . 6-28 . . . . 6-29 . . . . 6-30 . . . . 6-30 . . . . 6-31 . . . . 6-33 . . . . 6-33 . . . . 6-34 . . . . 6-34

Class C Aîrspace Radar Required7-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When Class C is Not Class C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 Transponder Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 Arrival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 Departure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

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SVFR7-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satellite Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 “Piper 70497, Stand By”7-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRSAs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10

Class B Aîrspace Clearance Required8-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approach and Departure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Just Passing Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 VFR Corridors, Flyways, and Transition Routes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 Landing at the Primary Airport8-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Departing an Airport in the Class B Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7 Departing From a Satellite Airport Beneath Class B Airspace . . . . . . 8-11 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12

Class A Aîrspace It’s for the Chosen Few . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

10 Flîght Servîce Statîons Service is Their Middle Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 What Frequency Do I Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 Making Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 Special Use Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 Special Flight Rules Areas (SFRA)10-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Filing Flight Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 Air-Filing Flight Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6 Position Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 Close Your Flight Plan!10-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Can You Tell Me Where There is a Hole? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8 Enroute Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8 Pilot Reports10-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

11 The IFR Communîcator What’s the Dierence?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 Filing Your Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 OTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 Write It Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 Ready to Copy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5 VFR Departure?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6 “Cleared for Takeo”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6

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“Request a Vector To…”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On the Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traïc Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Another Handy Trick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expect the Unexpected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changing Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pilot’s Discretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Say Heading”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Airspeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Your GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cruise Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STARs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approach Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GPS Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radar Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual, Contact, and Circling Approaches . . . . . Missed Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Practice Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lost Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Minimum Fuel”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Good Operating Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. 11-8 . 11-9 11-10 11-10 11-11 11-11 11-11 11-11 11-14 11-14 11-15 11-15 11-15 11-16 11-16 11-16 11-17 11-17 11-19 11-20 11-21 11-23 11-24 11-24 11-25 11-25 11-29

12 Now That You Know the System... Teamwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 When All Else Fails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 In Conclusion… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3

Appendix A: Communications Facilities ........ A1

Appendix B: Airspace Definitions ................... B1

Appendix C: Clearance Shorthand ................. C1

Glossary...........................................................G1

Index ................................................................. I1

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About the Author Bob Gardner has long been an admired member of the aviation community. He began his ying career as a hobby in Alaska in 1960 while in the U.S. Coast Guard.

Bob’s shore-duty assignments in the USCG were all electronic/communications based. He served in the Communications Division at Coast Guard Head- quarters and was Chief of Communications for the Thirteenth Coast Guard District. He holds a Com- mercial Radiotelephone Operator’s license and an Advanced Class Amateur Radio Operator’s License.

By 1966, Bob accomplished his Private land and sea, Commercial, Instrument, Instructor, CFII and MEL. Over the next 16 years he was an instructor, charter pilot, designated examiner, freight dog and Director of ASA Ground Schools.

Currently, Bob holds an Airline Transport Pilot Certiîcate with single- and multi-engine land ratings; a CFI certiîcate with instrument and multi-engine ratings; and a Ground Instructor’s Certiîcate with advanced and instrument ratings. In addition, Bob is a Gold Seal Flight Instructor, has been instructing since 1968, and was awarded Flight Instructor of the Year in Washington State. To top o this impressive list of accomplishments, Bob is also a well-known author, journalist and airshow lecturer.

He can be contacted on the Internet at [e-mail].

Books by Bob Gardner: The Complete Private Pilot  The Complete Private Pilot Syllabus The Complete Multi-Engine Pilot The Complete Advanced Pilot

Software and Audio Review by Bob Gardner: Communications Trainer

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Introductîon We live in a technological age. It is possible to y without radios or electronic aids to navigation and rely solely on the Mark I eyeball, but there is no question that safety is enhanced when pilots can locate one another beyond visual range. The avionics industry continues to provide pilots with improved products which make communication easier and more reliable, but technology alone is not enough—the user must feel comfortable with the equipment and the system.

We all feel comfortable with the telephone, and an increasing number of pilots feel comfortable with radios that operate in the citizen’s or amateur radio bands. However, if there is a controller on the other end of the conversation many pilots freeze up. The goal of this book is to increase your comfort level when using an aircraft radio by explaining how the system works and giving examples of typical transmissions.

A brief word of explanation. I am a ight instructor, and ight instructors talk, and talk, and talk. It is impossible for me to shut o my ight instructor instincts and convert myself totally into a writer. You will pick up on this right away because I repeat myself. Over 30 years of instructing I have learned that if something is repeated in dierent contexts it will be remembered, so you can count on the same information showing up in more than one chapter. That is not sloppy editing or carelessness, it is good instructional technique. Also, some types of airspace change classiîcation when the tower closes down or the weather observer goes home—there will be some overlap as I discuss each situation in the chapter on each type of airspace.

Conventîons I will not spell out numbers in this text; the AIM says that numerals are to be pro- nounced individually: 300 is spoken as “three zero zero,” runway 13 as “runway one three,” etc. I know that I can count on you to make the mental conversion. Altitudes are handled dierently, as you will learn in Chapter 3. Also, control- lers do not say “degrees” when assigning courses and headings, so neither will I. In radio communication, the dierent classes of airspace are spoken as their phonetic equivalents (again,seeChapter 3), without the word “class”:

“Cessna 1357X is cleared to enter the Charlie surface area…” In the text, however, they will be referred to as Class B, Class G, etc.

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