Human Factors: Enhancing Pilot Performance

Dale Wilson

Description

Today's aviation industry enjoys a remarkable safety record, primarily because it has learned from the mistakes of its past. Through the study of aviation accidents, most of the risks of flying have been identified and the threats they pose to safety can be managed. However, aircraft accidents, such as controlled flight into terrain, loss of control, runway excursions and incursions, and midair collisions still occur, and the hazards of flight remain. Some accidents happen due to mechanical failure, improper maintenance, or hazardous weather-but the vast majority are caused by pilot action (or inaction). Pilots can commit errors and make decisions that lead to tragic outcomes. Most accidents are not intentional; inadvertent errors made by flight crews arise from normal human physiological, psychological, and psychosocial limitations. Drawing upon the latest scientific research, aviation safety studies, and accident findings, Human Factors: Enhancing Pilot Performance thoroughly explores the nature of these human limitations and how they affect flight. Most importantly, this book provides best practice countermeasures designed to help pilots minimize their influence on flight performance.Whether you are a fair-weather private pilot, a new-hire first officer at a regional airline, or a seasoned pilot with thousands of hours under your belt, Human Factors will help you understand why pilots make mistakes and arm you with the knowledge to successfully identify, avoid, and mitigate them.

Informations

• Publié par: Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.
• Date de parution: 31 août 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781619549302
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 21 Mo

Extrait

HumanFactors EnhancingPilotPerformance Dale Wilson

HumanFactors Enhancing Pilot Performance

Dale Wilson

AVIATION SUPPLIES & ACADEMICS NEWCASTLE, WASHINGTON

Human Factors: Enhancing Pilot Performance by Dae Wîson

Avîatîon Suppîes & Academîcs, Inc. 7005 132nd Pace SE Newcaste, Washîngton 98059-3153 asa@asa2fy.com | asa2fy.com

Copyrîght © 2020 Avîatîon Suppîes & Academîcs, Inc.

See the ASA websîte atasa2fly.com/reader/humanfor the “Reader Resources” page contaînîng addîtîona înformatîon and updates reatîng to thîs book.

A Rîghts Reserved. No part of thîs pubîcatîon may be reproduced, stored în a retrîeva system, or transmîtted în any form or by any means, eectronîc, mechanîca, photocopy, recordîng, or otherwîse, wîthout the prîor wrîtten permîssîon of the copyrîght hoder. Whîe every precautîon has been taken în the preparatîon of thîs book, the pubîsher and Dae Wîson assume no responsîbîîty for damages resutîng from the use of the înformatîon contaîned hereîn.

None of the materîa în thîs book supersedes any operatîona documents or procedures îssued by the Federa Avîatîon Admînîstratîon, aîrcraft and avîonîcs manufacturers, fîght schoos, or the operators of aîrcraft.

ASAHUMANPD ISBN 978-1-61954-930-2

Addîtîona formats avaîabe Hardcover ISBN 978-1-61954-927-2 Kînde ISBN 978-1-61954-929-6 eBook ePub ISBN 978-1-61954-928-9 eBunde ISBN 978-1-61954-931-9 (prînt + eBook PDF downoad code)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Wîson, Dae, author. Tîte: Human factors : enhancîng pîot performance / Dae Wîson. Descrîptîon: Newcaste, Washîngton : Avîatîon Suppîes & Academîcs, Inc., [2020] | Incudes bîbîographîca references and îndex. Identîfîers: LCCN 2019055364 | ISBN 9781619549272 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9781619549289 (ebook) | ISBN 9781619549296 (kînde edîtîon) | ISBN 9781619549302 (pdf ) | ISBN 9781619549319 (eBunde) Subjects: LCSH: Aîrpanes—Pîotîng—Human factors. | Aîrpanes—Pîotîng— Safety measures. | Aeronautîcs—Human factors. | Fîght—Physîoogîca aspects. | Aîrcraft accîdents—Preventîon. Cassîfîcatîon: LCC TL710 .W545 2020 | DDC 629.132/52—dc23 LC record avaîabe at https://ccn.oc.gov/2019055364

Contents

Foreword Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction

Part 1—The Human in the Cockpit  1 Is fyîng safe?The Aviation Safety Record  2 To err îs human.Flight Crew Error  3 What’s a human factor?Aviation Human Factors

Part II—Physiological Aspects of Flight Crew Performance  4 How hîgh can I fy?Hypoxia and Hyperventilation  5 You must pass that gas—eîther fore or aft.Trapped and Evolved Gases  6 I can’t see a thîng!Vision  7 Say agaîn?Hearing and Noise  8 Do you want to be an aerobatîc pîot?Acceleration and Flight  9 Whîch way up?Spatial Disorientation 10 Why am I so tîred?Fatigue on the Flight Deck 11 Am I fît to fy?Health Maintenance and Lifestyle

Part III—Psychological Aspects of Flight Crew Performance 12 Seeîng îs deceîvîng.Visual Perception 13 Dîd you say “gear up” or “cheer up”?Auditory Perception 14 Why can’t you just pay attentîon?Attention, Vigilance, and Monitoring 15 What’s ît doîng now?Flight Deck Design and Automation 16 Don’t forget to remember.Memory 17 Decîsîons, decîsîons, decîsîons.Decision Making 18 Who’s fyîng my aîrpane anyway?Social Influence

Part IV—Risk Management 19 Workîng together.Crew Resource Management 20 Managîng the rîsks.Threat and Error Management

Appendices Appendîx A: Abbrevîatîons and Acronyms Used în Thîs Book Appendîx B: Avîatîon Occurrence Categorîes Appendîx C: Gossary

Index of Aircraft Accidents and Notable Incidents Index

v vii ix xi

1 3 19 37

51 53 81 93 115 129 145 169 199

221 223 251 263 281 313 333 363

383 385 409

423 425 429 435

455 459

Foreword

When Dae asked me to wrîte the Foreword for hîs new textbook,Human Factors: Enhancing Pilot Performance, I was honored but not excîted, because I have never had a good reatîonshîp wîth textbooks. I am a “get to the poînt and et’s move on” type of person, and most of the textbooks I have had the mîsfortune of beîng forced to read were not of that persuasîon, as they often seemed to have îtte to do wîth reaîty and a ot to do wîth bîg words that norma peope don’t use. I had a partîcuary rough tîme wîth accountîng textbooks, as I reay dîdn’t care at a what happened to the XYZ Corporatîon that seemed to be featured în a theîr exampes.

Thîs woud be a partîcuar chaenge în a textbook about human factors, as the very word “human” means that ît has to reate to peope and theîr feeîngs and performance. I often fought thîs batte în my consutîng wîth major corporatîons, as they usuay wanted to count thîngs. I kept stressîng that human factors anaysîs requîres human factors metrîcs, and that too much emphasîs on numbers wî scare peope off and dîstract them from the truy împortant îssues. Thîs îs why, în the many artîces on human factors în avîatîon I wrote forFlyingmagazîne, I aways used storîes other pîots coud reate to, and termînoogy that woud not send them to theîr computers to try to fînd out what somethîng meant.

As I read Dae’s new book, I was happy to dîscover that he has the same phîosophy that I have. He starts each chapter wîth a brîef synopsîs of severa accîdents caused by a ack of knowedge or appîcatîon of the înformatîon în that chapter. Thîs îmmedîatey pus the reader înto the topîc and sets the scene for the factua înformatîon that foows, makîng ît cear why thîs înformatîon îs împortant to a pîot. Because ît îs a textbook, Dae does provîde comprehensîve coverage of each subject, but contînuay reates that înformatîon to actua accîdents, thus aways reînforcîng the fact that a workîng knowedge of thîs topîc coud îteray save the reader’s îfe.

If a pîot fînds a partîcuar topîc especîay înterestîng, Dae has încuded a “Hepfu Resources” sectîon at the end of each chapter, wîth up-to-date URLs and other înformatîon, aong wîth extensîve notes. Both încude web addresses when those are avaîabe. The book aso has an extensîve Gossary and a îst of Abbrevîatîons and Acronyms makîng thîs an exceent reference too.

Whîe anyone înterested în human factors în avîatîon coud benefît from thîs book, Dae’s target audîence are pîots attendîng a coegîate

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 Human Factors

avîatîon program wîth a desîre to fy professîonay, and I fee that he has achîeved a wonderfu baance by provîdîng a weath of detaîed înformatîon, whîe aways reatîng that înformatîon to actua operatîona consîderatîons. I care deepy about the safety of pîots în genera, and especîay those fyîng sma aîrcraft, so I am reîeved to know that such a comprehensîve yet practîca guîde wî be avaîabe to students în coegîate avîatîon programs and anyone ese who seeks a deeper understandîng and workîng knowedge of thîs împortant topîc.

—Jay Hopkins Founder and presîdent of the Error Preventîon Instîtute, Inc., and former contrîbutîng edîtor on Human Factors toFlyingmagazîne

Acknowledgments

It takes a team to pubîsh a book îke thîs. That îs why I am extremey gratefu for the contrîbutîon made by the foowîng professîonas who agreed to serve as îts revîewers. Aong wîth safety educators and experîenced pîots representîng severa dîfferent aîrînes, these revîewers încude experts în aerospace physîoogy, experîmenta psychoogy, cognîtîve psychoogy, advanced fîght deck desîgn, and human factors educatîon. Theîr detaîed feedback—especîay wîthîn theîr areas of expertîse—was învauabe and most of theîr suggestîons were încorporated înto the fîna manuscrîpt.

Bruce Chase, M.A.S. Professor and Chaîr, Department of Fîght Scîence, LeTourneau Unîverîsty

Erîc Davîd, Captaîn, Boeîng B-777, Aîr Canada

Harod Faw, Ph.D., Professor Emerîtus, Psychoogy, Trînîty Western Unîversîty

Maeene Fodor, Fîrst Offîcer, Boeîng B-787, Aîr Canada

Bryce Hansen, M.D., Fîght surgeon and cîvî avîatîon accîdent învestîgator (retîred) and author ofFlying is Safe—Are You?

Dan Hargrove, M.S., Pîot USAF (retîred); Professor and Dîrector, Avîatîon, Rocky Mountaîn Coege

Jay Hopkîns, Founder, Error Preventîon Instîtute, Inc.; former Human Factors Contrîbutîng Edîtor,Flyingmagazîne

Joe Hopkîns, Founder, Mîssîon Safety Internatîona, Inc.

Davîd Hunter, M.S., Lîeutenant Coone, USAF (retîred); Ph.D. Candîdate, Avîatîon Safety and Human Factors

Ruggero Ienna, Captaîn, Boeîng B-737, Unîted Aîrînes

Scott Macpherson, Chaîr, Internatîona Busîness Avîatîon Councî (IBAC) ® Governîng Board and Founder of TraînîngPort.net

Jîm Norton, Ph.D., U.S. Nava Aerospace Physîoogîst (retîred)

Robert Numeyer, Ph.D., Professor, Avîatîon, Arîzona State Unîversîty

Arne Oson, Check Pîot (ACP), Boeîng B-767, Aîr Canada (retîred)

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Mason Peterson, Fîrst Offîcer Boeîng B-757, FedEx Express

Mîchae Prevost, Ph.D., U.S. Nava Aerospace Physîoogîst (retîred); Former Dîrector, Human Performance Laboratory, U.S. Nava Academy.

Joshua Tobîn, Captaîn, Aîrbus A320, JetBue Aîrways

Katheen Van Benthem, Ph.D., Cognîtîve Scîentîst, Instîtute of Cognîtîve Scîence, Careton Unîversîty

Erîk Voge, Pîot and Fîrefîghter (retîred)

Andrew Waton, Dîrector of Safety and Adjunct Professor, Lîberty Unîversîty Schoo of Aeronautîcs

Thanks to Jackîe Spanîtz at Avîatîon Suppîes and Academîcs, Inc., for takîng on thîs project. A specîa thanks îs due to Aex Lorden (Productîon Edîtor) and Key Burch (Graphîc Desîgner) for theîr exceent work. I especîay thank Jay Hopkîns for provîdîng vauabe feedback and wrîtîng the foreword to thîs work. Jay îs the founder and presîdent of Error Preventîon Instîtute, Inc., a two-decade wrîter of theHuman Factors coumn forFlyingmagazîne, an accompîshed pîot (ATP, CFI), and one of the most down-to-earth and însîghtfu fîght-safety communîcators I know. If you have read any of hîs more than 250 human factors artîces înFlyingmagazîne, I thînk you woud agree.

My hîghest gratîtude beongs to my famîy who have supported me în my career—my two wonderfu adut chîdren who I am very proud of, and my beautîfu wîfe of more than 40 years whose support în my îfe and my work has been unwaverîng.

About the Author

Dae Wîson, M.S., îs Emerîtus Professor of Avîatîon at Centra Washîngton Unîversîty în Eensburg, Washîngton, where he has taught courses în avîatîon weather, aerospace physîoogy and psychoogy, and threat and error management sînce 1996. He hods a master’s degree în avîatîon safety from the Unîversîty of Centra Mîssourî and a bacheor’s degree în psychoogy from Trînîty Western Unîversîty în Brîtîsh Coumbîa, Canada. Professor Wîson has been a pîot for 40 years, oggîng severa thousand hours în sînge- and mutî- engîne aîrpanes în the Unîted States and Canada. He hods severa professîona FAA pîot certîfîcatîons, încudîng Aîrîne Transport Pîot, Certîfîed Fîght Instructor, Advanced Ground Instructor, and Instrument Ground Instructor. Whîe în Canada, he hed the Aîrîne Transport Pîot Lîcense and Cass 1 Fîght Instructor Ratîng—the hîghest of four eves of fîght înstructor certîfîcatîon.

At Centra Washîngton Unîversîty, he receîved severa awards for outstandîng teachîng and schoarshîp în the Department of Avîatîon, încudîng theExcellence in Teachingaward from the Coege of Educatîon and Professîona Studîes. He was aso nomînated for the Centra Washîngton Unîversîty Facuty SenateDistinguished Professor of Teaching award. He earned the bîennîaMaster Flight Instructordesîgnatîon seven tîmes (1999 through 2013), and theMaster Ground Instructorfrom 2013 through 2017, from the Natîona Assocîatîon of Fîght Instructors. He aso served as an Avîatîon Safety Counseor and ater as an FAA Safety Team Representatîve for the FAA’s Spokane Fîght Standards Dîstrîct Offîce.

Hîs prîmary research înterests încude vîsua îmîtatîons of fîght, pîot decîsîon makîng, and VFR fîght înto înstrument meteoroogîca condîtîons. He has authored (or co-authored) more than 20 artîces reated to fîght crew human factors în schoary journas and professîona avîatîon magazînes, and has gîven numerous safety-reated presentatîons at conferences and semînars în the U.S. and Canada. Pubîshed by ASA, Inc., în 2014, hîs co-authored bookManaging Risk: Best Practices for Pilotsdescrîbes many of the major threats to safe fîght operatîons, offers însîghts on how and why pîots make errors that exacerbate them, and provîdes best practîce countermeasures needed to successfuy manage them (avaîabe at asa2fy.com). You can reach the author onLinkedInor at Dae.Wî[e-mail].

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