World Development

Podoromos Panayiotopoulos

Description

Do the structures of the world economy invariably work against the interests of the Third World? What is the impact of industrialisation? How does it affect people and their livelihoods, gender relations, the environment, movements for social justice and democracy?



World Development offers answers to these questions. A comprehensive introductory guide for students, teachers, volunteers and NGO workers in development,World Development examines the substantive issues surrounding development, industrialisation and globalization and places them within a historic context. It outlines the historical development of the world economy and assesses the current prospects for developing countries. The book contains in-depth analyses of how particular industries operate at local and global levels, drawing from case studies on textiles, tourism and copper. There are also case studies of specific countries, including South Korea, Cyprus, Mexico, China and Spain.

Glossary

Introduction

1. World Development: Globalization in Historical Perspective

2. Globalization: Industrialisation and Trade

3. Country Studies

4. Commodity Studies

Conclusion

Appendices

References

Bibliography and further reading

Figures

Tables

Notes on Contributors

Index

Sujets

• Economic Policy
• Public Policy
• Economic Development
• Political Science
• Development economics
• Economic growth
• Political economy
• Development

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 juin 2001
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781849640411
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Edited by
Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
and Gavin Capps
World Development
An Introduction
Pluto P Press
LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIAFirst published 2001 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
and 22883 Quicksilver Drive,
Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Prodromos Panayiotopoulos and Gavin Capps 2001
The right of the individual contributors to be identified as the author
of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from
the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Applied for.
ISBN 0 7453 1407 4 hardback
ISBN 0 7453 1402 3 paperback
10 09 08 07 0605 04 03 02 01
10 987654 3 2 1
Designed and produced for Pluto Press by
Chase Publishing Services, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG
Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton
Printed in the European Union by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, EnglandContents
Preface xiii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii
Summary of Contents xix
Introduction 1
Aim of the Book 5
1. World Development: Globalisation in Historical
Perspective 9
Introduction 11
Gavin Capps
1.1 The Expansion of Europe: Mercantile Trade 1500–1750 13
1.2 Industrial Capitalism and ‘Free Trade’ 1750–1875 20
1.3 Imperial Trade and Imperial Rivalries 1875–1945 28
1.4 Superpower Competition and the Long Boom 1945–70 35
1.5 Debt, Crisis and the Third World 1970–90s
1.6Globalisation in the Millennium 53
Gavin Capps and Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
2. Globalisation: Industrialisation and Trade 63
Introduction 65
Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
2.1 The Latin American NICs: Import Substituting
Industrialisation (ISI) 68
2.2 The East Asian NICs: Export Orientated Industrialisation (EOI) 78
2.3 Competing Perspectives on Trade Policy 88
2.4 People Trade: Globalisation and Immigrant Enterprise 98
3. Country Studies 113
Introduction 115
Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
3.1 Cyprus: Industrialisation Under Conditions of Globalisation 117
3.2 Spain: Economic Development Under Conditions of Autarky 125
Jose D. Garcia Perezvi WORLD DEVELOPMENT
3.3 South Korea: Free Market Miracle or Mirage? 133
Gavin Capps and Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
3.4 Mexico: The Long March of Industrialisation 148
Luis Valenzuela
3.5 China: Breaking the Iron Rice Bowl 157
Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
4. Commodity Studies 169
Introduction 171
4.1 Copper: Chilean Miners – British Smelters in the
Mid-Nineteenth Century 173
Luis Valenzuela
4.2 Tourism: The Spanish Tourist Industry 181
Jose D. Garcia Perez
4.3 The Global Textile Industry: An Engendered Protectionism 192
Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
Conclusions 207
Development and its Discontents 209
Prodromos Panayiotopoulos and Gavin Capps
Appendix 1: Of Noble Savages and Lazy Natives 219
Appendix 2: The Third World. An Activity 224
Tables 228
Figures 243
Notes 247
References 254
Further Reading 266
Useful Websites 270
Glossary 272
Notes on Authors 280
Index 283List of Examples
1. For God and Profit: Conquistadors in the Americas 18
2. The Fall and Rise of Indian Cotton, 1700–1920 26
3. ‘Local Episodes’ in the International Division of Labour 33
4. The Origins of the ‘Third World’ 42
5. Peanuts, Structural Adjustment and Debt in Senegal 51
6. The Export Processing Zones 61
7. Argentina: Raú Prebisch and ‘Unequal Exchange’ 76
8A Asia: Chronology of Crisis, 1997 86
8B Indonesia: Anatomy of a ‘Rescue’ Package. World Bank
Financial Support to Indonesia (July 1997–April 1999) 87
8C Indonesia: President Suharto Network 87
9. The Government Official 95
10A A Cypriot-owned Garment Factory in Tottenham,
north London 109
10B ‘Doing a Liquidation’ in the London Garment Industry 110
11. Complex Fashions: a Network of Subcontracting 122
12. The Draft-dodger 131
13. Workers’ Accounts of the South Korean ‘Miracle’ 146
14. ‘Maria Starves as Mexico Border Business Booms’ 155
15. Harry Wu: Working in the Laogai Penal System 165
16. An Accident in the Copper Mines of Chile, 1878 179
17. Working on a Cruise Liner 189
18A China–USA: Trade in Silk 202
18B The Sewing Machine 202
18C Women and Trade Unions in the Indian Garment Export
Industry 204
viiList of Tables
1.1 Percentage Share of Agriculture and Industry in Economies
of Selected Developed and Developing Countries and their
Average Incomes 228
1.2 Pattern of British Overseas Investment, 1860–1929 229
1.3 World Output of Principal Tropical Primary Commodities,
1880–1910 230
1.4 Pattern of World Trade, 1876–1983 230
1.5 Britain’s Rivals: Protectionism, Industrialisation and
Militarisation 231
1.6Global Share of Manufacturing Production, 1870–1984 231
1.7 Percentage of Business for TNCs in Home Country, 1992–93 232
1.8 FDI Flows to Developing Countries, 1973–93 232
1.9 The World’s Labour Force by Country Income Group and
Region 232
2.1 Brazil: Foundation Dates for Largest Economic Groups
and American Subsidiaries 233
2.2 Asian Debt By Maturity, 1997 234
2.3 Africa: Single Commodity Dependence (as % of total
export earnings) 234
2.4 Annual Gains from Trade Liberalisation by 2002 as Result
of GATT 1992 Renegotiation 235
2.5 A Garment Factory in Tottenham, North London: Labour
Force Characteristics 235
3.1 Clothing Exports from Cyprus to Libya: Selected Indicators,
1979–86236
3.2 Indices of Manufacturing Production: South Korea, 1987 237
3.3 Labour Disputes 1975–89: South Korea 237
3.4 Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico, 1940–98 237
3.5Mexican Foreign Debt: 1970–96238
3.6Mexican Gross Domestic Product, Industrial Production and
Demographic Growth, 1940–95 238
3.7 Maquila Industry by Plants, Employees, Value Added and
Labour Cost, 1967–98 239
3.8 Women’s Employment in the Maquilas 239
viiiTABLES ix
3.9 Chinese Industrial Gross Output: Value by Ownership Type 240
4.1 Main Producers and Consumers of Copper, 1993 240
4.2 Chilean Copper Production, 1700–1970 241
4.3 British, Chilean and World Production of Mine and Smelted
Copper, 1831–70 241
4.4 Tourist Arrivals to Spain 241
4.5 Textiles and Garments as Percentage of Manufacturing
Value Added and as Percentage of Merchandise Exports
(Selected Countries 1970–93) 242List of Figures
1. Import Substitution and Export Orientated Industrialisation:
Economic and Industrial Policy 243
2. Organisation of Production and System of Payment in the
London Garment Industry 244
3. Complex Fashions: Subcontracting Network 245
4. International Subcontracting in the Global Garment Industry 246
xThis volume is dedicated to all those who protested outside the WTO
Conference in Seattle and to the undergraduate and post-graduate students
we have taught and learnt from over the years, at the University of Wales,
Swansea, the Open University, the University of Central Lancashire and the
London School of Economics.
The first duty of Education is to educate the educator – Karl Marx Preface
The study brings together a wealth of material on the Third World which
points both to the inequalities within globalisation as well as its potential for
improving the human condition. The study analyses ‘World Development’
in historical perspective and attempts to place the current concerns of the
‘anti-capitalist’ mood – so evident at the World Trade Organisation’s Seattle
Summit during November 1999, and subsequently at Melbourne and
Prague – on a more informed basis. This is a development education
publication which makes accessible to students and teachers both qualitative
and quantitative material on the working lives of people throughout the
Third World, on country experiences and on debates about development,
globalisation and industrialisation. It is also the case that many readers may
be or are about to become involved in small-scale development in their own
or other parts of the world. This book is also addressed to them, or at least
those among them who want to know about the wider picture. This broader
picture, or if you like macro picture of world development, provides the
structures in which human agency and small-scale development can take
place. If you can make sense of the wider picture, your own small
contribution may make more sense.
The book has been shaped by the interests of the authors as teachers and
researchers in development studies. A number of the have taken an
active interest in the promotion of development education as an important
dimension of itself. Prodromos Panayiotopoulos assisted the
pioneering work of the Wales Joint Education Committee (WJEC) in
establishing, for the first, inclusion of Development Studies in the school
curriculum. The WJEC AS level in World Development became the model for
the AS level taught at UK-wide level. Gavin Capps assisted in the production
of development education teaching material for the AS level. The book has
been written as an aid to students and teachers in development education.
It is influenced by the proposition that ‘development’ is not simply something
that happens ‘over there’, but also something which is relevant ‘here’ in the
shaping of a multi-cultural, internationalist outlook among young people,
based on respect for human diversity and in solidarity with those resisting
the notion that ‘nothing can be done’ about the poverty facing millions of
people in the Third World.
xiiixiv WORLD DEVELOPMENT
Another influence in writing the book is that at one time or other the
authors were students or lecturers in the Centre for Development Studies
(CDS) at the University of Wales, Swansea. CDS was responsible for
pioneering studies and analyses on the role of the ‘informal sector’ in Third
World employment. Chris Gerry carried out seminal research on artisans in
Dakar, Senegal, and translated for the first time in English the work of Milton
Santos. Research carried out by Ray Bromley, Chris Birbeck, Gavin Kitching,
Mike Cowen, to name a few, influenced the development of a ‘Swansea
school’. One key concern of this school was how capitalist or market
relationships reproduced themselves at the smalle