Polemical Austria

Anthony Bushell

Description

This book maps the remarkable story of Austria's transition from Empire to modern Republic, and the language that reflects that violent history within Europe's own turbulent past.
Part One: Towards a Theory of Austria 1 Felix Austria? 2 Locating Austria 3 Austria and Concepts of Identity Part Two: Writing Austria 4 Austria's Identity and the Response to Revolution 5 Vienna: Print and Pre-eminence Part Three: Austria: Revived, Reviled, Revised 6 Failure at the First Attempt: the First Republic 7 Austrian Identity and the Impediments of History 8 Voicing Austria in the Second Republic 9 Challenging and Confirming Identity in the Second Republic

Sujets

• Comparative Politics
• Political Science
• Austria
• 20th century
• Autriche

Informations

• Publié par: University of Wales Press
• Date de parution: 15 juin 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780708326053
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

P O L E M I C A L A U S T R I A

T h e R h e T o R i c s o f N a T i o N a l i d e N T i T y: f R o m e m p i R e T o  T h e s e c o N d R e p u b l i c

a N T h o N y b u s h e l l

u N i V e R s i T y o f W a l e s p R e s s c a R d i f f 2 0 1 3

© antHOnY bUSHELL,2013

aLL rIgHtS rESErvED. NO Pàrt OF tHIS BOOk MàY BE rEPrODUCED In ànY MàtErIàL FOrM (InCLUDIng PHOtOCOPYIng Or StOrIng It In ànY MEDIUM BY ELECtrOnIC MEànS ànD wHEtHEr Or nOt trànSIEntLY Or InCIDEntàLLY tO SOME OtHEr USE OF tHIS PUBLICàtIOn) wItHOUt tHE wrIttEn PErMISSIOn OF tHE COPYrIgHt OwnEr ExCEPt In àCCOrDànCE wItH tHE PrOvISIOnS OF tHE cOPYrIgHt, dESIgnS ànD pàtEntS aCt1988. aPPLICàtIOnS FOr tHE COPYrIgHt OwnEr’S wrIttEn PErMISSIOn tO rEPrODUCE ànY Pàrt OF tHIS PUBLICàtIOn SHOULD BE àDDrESSED tO tHE unIvErSItY OF WàLES prESS,10cOLUMBUS WàLk, brIgàntInE pLàCE, càrDIFF cf10 4up.

www.UwP.CO.Uk

brItISH lIBràrY càtàLOgUIng-In-pUBLICàtIOn dàtà. a CàtàLOgUE rECOrD FOr tHIS BOOk IS àvàILàBLE FrOM tHE brItISH lIBràrY.

isbn 978-0-7083-2604-6 E- isbn 978-0-7083-2605-3

The right of Anthony Bushell to be identiîed as author of this work has been asserted in àCCOrDànCE wItH SECtIOnS77, 78ànD79cOPYrIgHt, dESIgnS ànD pàtEntS aCtOF tHE 1988.

TYPESEt BY dàLEn (lLYFràU) cYF. prIntED BY cpi antOnY ROwE, cHIPPEnHàM, WILtSHIrE

c o N T e N T s

Preface

Part ONe Towards a Theory of Austria 1.FELIX AUsTRIa? 2. lOCàtIng aUStrIà 3iDEntItY. aUStrIà ànD cOnCEPtS OF

5

15 26 55

Part Two Writing Austria 4. aUStrIà’S iDEntItY ànD tHE RESPOnSE tO REvOLUtIOn77 5. VIEnnà: prInt ànD prE-EMInEnCE107

Part THree Austria: Revived, Reviled, Revised 6. fàILUrE àt tHE fIrSt attEMPt: THE fIrSt REPUBLIC133 7. aUStrIàn iDEntItY ànD tHE iMPEDIMEntS OF hIStOrY166 8. VOICIng aUStrIà In tHE sECOnD REPUBLIC193 9. Challenging and Conîrming Identity In tHE sECOnD REPUBLIC215

NOtES bIBLIOgràPHY inDEx

255 280 297

P R E FA C E

HIS StUDY OF tHE COMPLEx nàtUrE, DEvELOPMEnt ànD àrtICULàtIOn OF aUStrIàn IDEntItY BEgàn LIFE àS à nàrrOwLY the T election of Kurt Waldheim to the ofîce of President of the FOCUSED qUEStIOn: HOw HàD tHE DECàDE ànD à HàLF BEtwEEn REPUBLIC OF aUStrIà In tHE MID-1980S ànD tHE EntrY IntO COàLItIOn gOvErnMEnt OF Jörg hàIDEr’S POPULISt rIgHt-wIng PàrtY àt tHE Stàrt OF tHE nEw MILLEnnIUM – EvEntS PrOvOkIng IntErnàtIOnàL DISàPPrOvàL – MànIFEStED tHEMSELvES In tHE wàY aUStrIànS tàLkED àBOUt tHEIr COUntrY ànD rEPrESEntED tHEMSELvES In PUBLIC UttErànCES? aFtEr àLL, It DID àPPEàr InItIàLLY CUrIOUS tHàt àn IMMEnSELY PrOSPErOUS COUntrY BY wOrLD StànDàrDS SHOULD ExPErIEnCE SUCH à CrISIS OF IDEntItY àt tHE CLOSE OF tHE twEntIEtH CEntUrY Or tHàt SUCH à SMàLL COUntrY StànDIng OUtSIDE ànY MILItàrY àLLIànCE COULD àttràCt wOrLDwIDE àttEntIOn FOr rEàSOnS wHICH tHE COUntrY FOUnD BOtH DISCOnCErtIng ànD UnwELCOME.  VErY SOOn It BECàME CLEàr tO ME tHàt tHE nEàtnESS OF SUCH à strictly deîned time framework would hardly do justice to the ISSUES InvOLvED, ànD tHàt rEàDErS LOOkIng FOr SOME ExPLànàtIOn FOr tHE UPHEàvàLS In aUStrIàn SELF-PErCEPtIOn wOULD BE ILL SErvED BY SUCH à LIMItàtIOn. cOntEMPOràrY aUStrIàn IDEntItY IS tHE PrODUCt OF à LOng ànD InvOLvED PrOCESS, OnE OvEr wHICH aUStrIànS tHEMSELvES have had little inuence for much of that time.  TO àttEMPt à MOrE àDEqUàtE ExPLànàtIOn rEqUIrED àt tHE vErY LEàSt à rEtUrn tO tHE BEgInnIng OF tHE nInEtEEntH CEntUrY ànD tO à COnSIDEràtIOn OF tHE IMPàCt OF tHE NàPOLEOnIC wàrS UPOn the need for nations and states to deîne and justify themselves. THIS StUDY tHErEFOrE BECàME àn àttEMPt tO FOLLOw tHE EMErgEnCE

OF PàrtICULàr rHEtOrICàL tràDItIOnS EMPLOYED tO ExPrESS tHE OFtEn nEBULOUS COnCEPt OF aUStrIà, ànD tHEn tO tràCE In PàrtICULàr HOw tHOSE tràDItIOnS MànIFEStED tHEMSELvES àFtEr1945tHEIn tHE LIFE OF sECOnD REPUBLIC.  otHEr COUntrIES HàvE àLSO StrUggLED wItH tHEIr IDEntItY ànD tHEIr vErY COMPOSItIOn. GErMànY, itàLY ànD sPàIn, FOr ExàMPLE, àrE MUCH LàrgEr EntItIES tHàn MODErn-DàY aUStrIà, ànD tHE SCàLE OF LOSS OF LIFE In tHE MàkIng OF tHOSE StàtES HàS àLSO BEEn COnSIDEràBLY grEàtEr, wItH tHE COnSEqUEnCE tHàt aUStrIà HàS BEEn EItHEr nEgLECtED Or ELSE OnLY rEFErrED tO àLOng wItH OtHEr SMàLLEr StàtES wHEn ILLUStràtIvE ExàMPLES wErE FELt tO BE ILLUMInàtIng. bUt it has always struck me that Austria is especially difîcult to force IntO à MEgà-tHEOrY OF EItHEr nàtIOnàLISM Or IDEntItY FOrMàtIOn ànD it thus requires a speciîc discussion, for much that pertains to it StànDS In OPPOSItIOn tO gEnEràL trEnDS In nàtIOn ànD StàtE CrEàtIOn. it IS MY HOPE tHàt tHIS wOrk wILL gIvE tHOSE COMIng nEw tO tHE StUDY OF aUStrIà SOME InSIgHt IntO tHE UnIqUE PrOBLEMS FàCIng à StrUCtUrE tHàt wEnt FrOM à LàrgE COntInEntàL EMPIrE tO à SMàLL aLPInE rEPUBLIC MOrE Or LESS OvErnIgHt. hOw tHE sECOnD REPUBLIC, tHE aUStrIà EMErgIng OUt OF tHE sECOnD WOrLD Wàr, COPED wItH tHIS LEgàCY FOrMS tHE DOMInàtIng tHEME OF tHE LàSt Pàrt OF tHIS StUDY.  THE àrràngEMEnt OF tHE BOOk IS In Pàrt CHrOnOLOgICàL In ItS OrDErIng, ESPECIàLLY In tHE EàrLIEr CHàPtErS. WHEn wE EnCOUntEr In LàtEr CHàPtErS tHE EMErgEnCE OF tHE sECOnD REPUBLIC àFtEr 1945SOMEtIMES trEàtS tHE SàME MàtErIàL ànD EvEntS àCrOSS It SEvEràL CHàPtErS, BUt àPPrOàCHES tHEM FrOM DIFFErEnt àngLES In OrDEr tO HIgHLIgHt PàrtICULàr PrOBLEMS FàCIng tHE EMErgEnCE OF à StàBLE aUStrIàn IDEntItY. i HàvE trIED tO kEEP In MInD, ànD tHàt OF rEàDErS, tHE PàrtICULàr EvEntS In HIStOrY tHàt MàY HàvE trIggErED à rESPOnSE. oFtEn tHE OCCàSIOn IS LOng SInCE FOrgOttEn, ànD tHIS MàkES FOr PErPLExItY FOr tHOSE àttEMPtIng FrOM à LàtEr StànDPOInt tO rECOnStrUCt tHE FOrtUnES ànD vICISSItUDES OF tHE nOtIOn OF aUStrIà. THE BOOk MàY BE rEàD àS à nàrràtIvE, FOr It IS tHE StOrY OF tHE EMErgIng StrUggLE FOr àn aUStrIàn IDEntItY, BUt It IS àLSO HOPED tHàt tHE InDIvIDUàL SECtIOnS àrE àBLE tO StànD àLOnE, SHOULD tHE

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rEàDEr BE SEEkIng à PàrtICULàr DISCUSSIOn, ànD tHàt EàCH CHàPtEr MàY àLSO BE tàkEn àS à FrEEStànDIng ESSàY. THE BOOk’S nInE CHàPtErS àrE FOrMED IntO tHrEE PàrtS, wItH EàCH Pàrt DwELLIng On wHàt wErE felt to be signiîcant elements in the formation and defence of Austrian identity. The îrst part takes Austria in the twenty-îrst CEntUrY àS ItS StàrtIng-POInt ànD àSkS tHE qUEStIOnS: wHEn DID tHE need for a deînition of Austria become urgent, and who required such a deînition? This section then attempts to place that identity àgàInSt tHE BrOàD SPECtrUM OF tHEOrEtICàL àPPrOàCHES tO nàtIOnàL identity, and to explain how difîcult it is to place Austria within MànY OF tHE tHEOrEtICàL MODELS EnCOUntErED In tHE àCàDEMIC LItEràtUrE. pàrt TwO COnSIDErS tHE àrtICULàtIOn OF àn aUStrIàn IDEntItY àgàInSt tHE BàCkgrOUnD OF EMErgIng eUrOPEàn InDUStrIàL StàtES In tHE nInEtEEntH CEntUrY ànD In àn àgE àPPrOàCHIng nEàr-UnIvErSàL LItEràCY. pàrtICULàr àttEntIOn IS PLàCED HErE On Vienna and on the rhetorical strategies adopted by the ood OF PUBLICàtIOnS EMànàtIng FrOM tHàt CItY wHICH wErE BECOMIng readily available to the citizens and subjects of the Empire. The àntIPàtHY BEtwEEn VIEnnà ànD PrOvInCIàL aUStrIà HàS PrOvED tO BE à FUrtHEr StUMBLIng-BLOCk tO tHE EMErgEnCE OF à StrOng ànD àLL- EMBràCIng nOtIOn OF aUStrIàn nàtIOnàL IDEntItY. in pàrt THrEE wE EnCOUntEr tHE PrOBLEMS FàCED BY tHE UnwàntED fIrSt REPUBLIC ànD ItS FàILUrE tO àSSErt SUCCESSFULLY ItS YOUng IDEntItY BEtwEEn tHE twO World Wars. The înal chapters of the book not only spend time LOOkIng àt HOw tHE sECOnD REPUBLIC In1945BEgàn tO àrtICULàtE ItS IDEntItY In tHE SHàDOw OF tHE COUntrY’S àBSOrPtIOn IntO tHE THIrD REICH In1938, BUt àLSO DràwS àttEntIOn tO tHE MànY wàYS POSt-1945 aUStrIà wàS StILL FrEqUEntLY DrIvEn BàCk tO tHE rHEtOrICàL StràtEgIES OF EàrLIEr tIMES. hErE It DEvOtES àttEntIOn tO wHàt HàD BEEn tHE InItIàL qUEStIOn ràISED BY tHIS StUDY, tHE IMPàCt OF tHE WàLDHEIM ànD hàIDEr PHEnOMEnà On aUStrIà’S SELF-UnDErStànDIng, SInCE tHEY wErE EvEntS wHICH ExPOSED tHE FràgILItY OF aUStrIàn nàtIOnàL IDEntItY  THE ràngE OF MàtErIàL UnDEr DISCUSSIOn IS IntEntIOnàLLY ECLECtIC ànD DràwS On wOrk FrOM POLItICàL tHEOrIStS, POLItICIànS, PLàYwrIgHtS and authors, journalists, historians, architects, satirists, cartoonists

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ànD DIPLOMàtS. THIS StUDY àLSO COnSIDErS MàtErIàL, SOME OF It DECIDEDLY EPHEMEràL, tHàt IS OFtEn nEgLECtED BY POLItICàL ànD LItEràrY HIStOrIànS àLIkE. it DràwS On nInEtEEntH-CEntUrY PàMPHLEtS, On tHEàtrE PrODUCtIOnS, On twEntIEtH-CEntUrY ELECtIOn CàMPàIgn SLOgànS, On DràFt COnStItUtIOnàL BILLS tHàt wErE nEvEr EnàCtED, On tHE CInEMà, On ràDIO àDDrESSES, DIàrY EntrIES, StrEEt nàMES ànD tHE OCCàSIOnàL InCàUtIOUS BUt rECOrDED àSIDE. aUStrIànS EnCOUntEr ExPrESSIOnS OF tHEIr IDEntItY In MànY FOrMS, ràngIng FrOM SCHOLàrLY trEàtISES, OStEnSIBLY LIgHt-HEàrtED tELEvISIOn Or ràDIO CHàt SHOwS, Or SIMPLY tHE PàCkàgIng OF CHOCOLàtES In tHE COUntrY’S nàtIOnàL COLOUrS. THEY àrE àLSO CHàLLEngED COnStàntLY In tHEIr àSSUMPtIOnS, àS tHEY àrE, FOr ExàMPLE, wHEn à PLàYEr FOr tHE nàtIOnàL FOOtBàLL tEàM BEàrS On HIS SHIrt àn UnMIStàkàBLY TUrkISH nàME. THIS StUDY has tried to reect the diversity of these many and very different FOrMS OF ExPrESSIOn.  NOt àLL tHE kEY PLàYErS In tHIS BOOk àrE Or wErE aUStrIànS, FOr It is remarkable just how many inuential voices in the formation of tHE IDEà OF aUStrIà CàME FrOM OUtSIDE tHE BOrDErS OF PrESEnt-DàY Austria. A further, and accidental, discovery was just how many OF tHE PrInCIPàL PLàYErS HELD Làw DEgrEES FrOM tHE unIvErSItY OF VIEnnà, à PHEnOMEnOn PErHàPS wOrtHY In ItSELF OF FUrtHEr StUDY. THE Làw àLSO OFFErS UnDEnIàBLY tHE MOSt StrIkIng ExàMPLE OF tHE ExIStEnCE OF SOME rEMàrkàBLE COntInUItIES In aUStrIàn IDEntItY DESPItE àLL tHE UPHEàvàLS tHàt HàvE BESEt tHE COUntrY, FOr UP tO tHE PrESEnt DàY tHE LEgàL SYStEM OF aUStrIà IS StILL BàSED On tHE CIvIL CODE IntrODUCED In1812, aLLgEMEInES bürgErLICHES GESEtzBUCH (AbGb).  aLtHOUgH nOt IntEnDED àS à LItEràrY HIStOrY, nUMErOUS rEFErEnCES HàvE BEEn MàDE tO InDIvIDUàL wrItErS, FOr UnDErStànDàBLY tHESE ISSUES HàvE CLàIMED tHEIr àttEntIOn. WrItErS HàvE OFtEn BEEn rESPOnSIBLE FOr InSIStIng tHàt aUStrIàn PUBLIC OPInIOn EngàgE wItH tHE COUntrY’S HIStOrY, ànD àS PràCtItIOnErS OF LàngUàgE tHE COUntrY’S wrItErS HàvE HàD à HIgHLY DEvELOPED Eàr FOr SOME OF tHE FàLSE tOnES OF nàtIOnàL rHEtOrIC. it IS In tHE SPHErE OF LItEràtUrE tOO tHàt FOr OnCE, ESPECIàLLY In tHE sECOnD REPUBLIC, tHE vOICE OF wOMEn HàS BECOME àBLE, àLBEIt SLOwLY, tO BE HEàrD.

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 This work makes no attempt to enter fully into the îeld of rESEàrCH DEvOtED tO tHE StUDY OF tHE vOICES tO BE FOUnD In PUBLIC OPInIOn SUrvEYS Or SIMILàr POPULàr ExPrESSIOnS, àLtHOUgH rEàDErS are pointed in that direction in the înal chapter. The study is COnSCIOUS tOO OF MànY OtHEr ELEMEntS tHàt COULD HàvE BEEn BrOUgHt LEgItIMàtELY wItHIn tHE COMPàSS OF tHIS DISCUSSIOn. it IS probably difîcult, for instance, for many English-speaking readers tO gàUgE tHE IMPOrtànCE OF SPOrtIng SUCCESS In IntErnàtIOnàL SkIIng COMPEtItIOnS tO tHE FOrMàtIOn ànD SECUrIng OF àn aUStrIàn IDEntItY, wHILSt à CHàPtEr COULD HàvE BEEn DEvOtED tO tHE tHEME OF IDEntItY ànD InCàrCEràtIOn In tHE LIgHt OF tHE NàtàSCHà KàMPUSCH ànD JOSEF frItzL kIDnàPPIng SCànDàLS wHICH SHOCkED aUStrIàn SOCIEtY In the îrst decade of the twenty-îrst century and led to considerable SPECULàtIOn rEgàrDIng tHE àLLEgED rEPrESSED PSYCHE OF tHE aUStrIàn CHàràCtEr. i àLSO FELt It ESSEntIàL tO Dràw àttEntIOn tO aUStrIà’S MànY PrOvInCIàL IDEntItIES, FOr àLtHOUgH tHEY FOrM Pàrt OF à fEDEràL REPUBLIC tHE PrOvInCES àLSO OFtEn LOOk BàCk On à MOrE vEnEràBLE ànD StàBLE IDEntItY tHàn tHE aUStrIàn REPUBLIC ItSELF.  mànY OF tHE ELEMEntS MàkIng UP tHE DEBàtE rEgàrDIng aUStrIà rEMàIn à COnStànt OvEr tHE YEàrS DESPItE tHE MàrkEDLY DIFFErEnt CIrCUMStànCES In wHICH tHEY àrE DISCUSSED. THIS StUDY’S COnCLUSIOn, provisional as it must be given the nature of its subject, was not tHE OnE i HàD InItIàLLY ExPECtED. i HàD nOt ExPECtED tHE IntEnSE ànD OFtEn CàUStIC DISSECtIOn OF aUStrIàn SOCIEtY BY aUStrIàn wrItErS ànD SOCIàL COMMEntàtOrS In tHE sECOnD REPUBLIC tO DO ànYtHIng BUt UnDErMInE tHE COnCEPt OF àn aUStrIàn IDEntItY. yEt DESPItE tHE àngEr ànD SOMEtIMES DESPàIr ExHIBItED, tHIS IntEnSE PrEOCCUPàtIOn wItH aUStrIà wàS àLSO àn ExPrESSIOn tHàt tHOSE COMMEntIng SEnSED they were dealing with something very speciîc. This study draws PàrtICULàr àttEntIOn In ItS COnCLUDIng PàgES tO tHOSE wHOM It SEES àS COnStItUtIng tHE PrInCIPàL CàrrIErS OF tHE nOtIOn OF àn aUStrIàn IDEntItY. mY ExPECtàtIOn HàD BEEn OrIgInàLLY tHàt It wOULD BE tHE POLItICàL éLItES wHO wOULD HàvE PErFOrMED tHIS tàSk, SInCE tHEY OBvIOUSLY HàD à vEStED IntErESt In tHE COnCEPt, YEt i HOPE i HàvE DEMOnStràtED tHàt MànY OF tHE kEY ànD EFFECtIvE PLàYErS wErE ànD àrE tO BE FOUnD ELSEwHErE. REàDErS MàY, HOwEvEr, Dràw vErY

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