Competitiveness and Growth in Brazilian Cities

Description

'Competitiveness and Growth in Brazilian Cities' addresses the question of what cities can do to improve economic performance and create jobs. The topic is explored through a review of theories and policy options for city competitiveness, preliminary benchmarking of Brazilian cities, and case studies of two urban areas in Northeast Brazil-the Cariri region, Ceará and São Luís, Maranhão.
The book concludes that to be competitive, cities need to reduce the cost of doing business by improving their services and infrastructure and by reducing bureaucracies. But for a middle-income country such as Brazil, which needs to be economically competitive in a globalized environment, this is not sufficient. Cities also need to add value to local businesses. A crucial part of their strategy should be to create and sustain an environment that stimulates local firms to innovate and learn from each other, to nurture the creation of synergies generated by the interconnected economic clusters in the city, and to provide incentives for all local players to continuously upgrade their level of competitiveness.
With regard to local policy actions, this book highlights the cluster approach to competitiveness, with its focus on facilitating private-sector collaborations for collective efficiency. 'Competitiveness and Growth in Brazilian Cities' provides many examples of actions that may be undertaken at the local level, emphasizing the critical importance for cities to pursue a unique strategy based on their comparative and competitive advantages.

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 19 novembre 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 23
• EAN13: 9780821381588
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Private Sector Development
Competitiveness and Growth
in Brazilian Cities
Local Policies and Actions
for Innovation
Ming Zhang
EditorCompetitiveness and Growth
in Brazilian CitiesCompetitiveness and Growth
in Brazilian Cities
Local Policies and Actions for Innovation
Ming Zhang, Editor© 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail: [e-mail]
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 12 11 10 09
This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the
Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA;
fax: [phone]; e-mail: [e-mail].
ISBN: 978-0-8213-8157-1
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8158-8
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8157-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been requested.
Cover photograph: Márcio Vasconcelos, Secretariat of Tourism, São Luís Municipal Government,
Brazil
Cover design: Naylor DesignContents
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Executive Summary 1
Why City Competitiveness? 1
What Is Competitiveness? 2
Why Is City Competitiveness Important for Brazil? 2
The Study and Outputs 4
Chapter 1. What Makes Cities Competitive?
Local Determinants of Competitiveness 4
Chapter 2. What Can Cities Do to Enhance
Competitiveness? 9
Chapters 3, 4, and 5. Competitiveness of
Brazilian Cities: Initial Benchmarking
and Case Studies 16
Main Conclusions 18
Note 19
Chapter 1 What Makes Cities Competitive? A Selective
Review of Theories and International Experiences 21
Mark Roberts and Ming Zhang
vvi Contents
Introduction 21
Key Messages 23
The Rapidly Changing Global Environment
and the Need for Competitiveness 25
Key Drivers of City Competitiveness 27
Summary and Conclusions 50
Notes 51
Chapter 2 What Can Cities Do to Enhance
Competitiveness? Local Policies and
Actions for Innovation 55
Ming Zhang
The Starting Point: Understanding the
Market and the Local Economy 57
Facilitating Private Sector Collaborations
for Collective Efficiency 59
Examples of Specific Actions to Enhance
Competitiveness 62
Pulling It Together—Strategic Plan for 81
Building Institutions and Capacity for
Local Competitiveness 86
Conclusions 90
Notes 92
Chapter 3 Benchmarking the Competitiveness
of Brazilian Cities 93
Fernanda Ruiz Nuñez
Index Construction and Data 93
Methodology 96
Ranking of Cities 97
Conclusions 104
Notes 105
Chapter 4 The Cariri Region of Ceará and the
Footwear Cluster 107
Monica Amorim and Daniel da MataContents vii
An Economic Analysis of Cariri 107
The Cariri Footwear Cluster 118
Footwear Cluster Features 122
Vision of the Future: The Cluster
Road Map 134
Final Remarks 140
Notes 142
Chapter 5 São Luís Cluster Development Strategy:
An Initial Assessment 145
Ming Zhang, Daniel da Mata, Alec Hansen,
Enrique Asturizaga, and Kim Cuenco
Background 145
Analysis of Economic Structure 148
Initial Assessment of the Port-Industrial Cluster 160Assessment of the Tourism Cluster 167
Overall Strategy and Next Steps 176
Notes 181
References 183
Index 191
Boxes
2.1 Marketing and Branding Geographically Based
Products: Chianti Classico, Siena, Italy 66
2.2 Value Chain Integration: The Electronics Industry
in Guadalajara, Mexico 68
2.3 Linking Small Enterprises into Existing Supply Chains:
Footwear Development in Rio Grande do Sul 69
2.4 Creating State Entrepreneurship Centers
in the United States 71
2.5 Technology Centers 72
2.6 R&D—The Helsinki Culminatum, Finland 74
2.7 Skills Training—The Jane Addams Resource
Corporation, Illinois, United States 76
2.8 Strategic Plan of Turin, Italy 83
2.9 Agency for Economic Development of the Greater
ABC Region, São Paulo, Brazil 87viii Contents
3.1 Principal Component Analysis 97
4.1 FETECC—Ceará Footwear Technology Trade Fair 132
Figures
1 Key Drivers of City Competitiveness
and Their Interlinkages 5
2 Cariri Footwear Cluster 11
3 The Cluster Working Group Process 13
1.1 K
and Their Interlinkages 27
1.2 Channels of Human Capital Contribution
to a City’s Competitive Advantage 39
1.3 Theoretical Relationships between Local Competition
and Competitive Advantage 41
1.4 Primary Determinants of Cluster Competitiveness
in Developing and Developed Countries 42
2.1 Detecting Local Economic Clusters: Using Location
Quotient and Employment Growth Rate 58
2.2 The Napa Wine Cluster 60
2.3 The Cluster Working Group Process 64
3.1 Four Dimensions of the Competitiveness Index 94
3.2 Comparison of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and
Porto Alegre along the Four Dimensions
of Competitiveness 103
3.3 Comparison of Teresina between 1991 and 2000
for Three Dimensions of the Competitiveness Index 104
4.1 Location Quotient and Employment Growth 113
4.2 Cariri Footwear Cluster 124
5.1 Evolution of Employment Share (1995–2005) 152
5.2 Current Map of Port Cluster, São Luís 163
5.3 Potential Expansion of the São Luís Port System
by 2010 and 2013 165
5.4 São Luís Tourism Cluster Map 168
5.5 Cluster Formation Process 179
5.6 Full Organization of Cluster Initiative 181
Tables
1.1 Mechanisms for the Transmission
of Knowledge Spillovers 35Contents ix
1.2 Different Forms of Investment and Their
Relationship to City Competitiveness 47
2.1 Different Policies for Different Cluster Types 63
3.1 Variables Used for the Four Dimensions of the
Competitiveness Index 95
3.2 Competitiveness Index for Large Brazilian
Cities in 2000 98
3.3 Competitiveness Index for Medium Brazilian 100
3.4 Competitiveness Index for Small Brazilian
Cities in 2000 102
4.1 Formal Employment Share and Growth in Cariri,
1995–2005 109
4.2 Formal Employment for the Cariri Region, Barbalha,
Crato, and Juazeiro do Norte, 2005 111
4.3 Formal Employment and Schooling in the Cariri
Region, 2005 112
4.4 LQ and Employment Growth: Sectors in Each
Quadrant in the Cariri Region 114
4.5 High-High Sectors
in Barbalha, Crato, and Juazeiro 116
4.6 Shift Share: Leading Four-Digit Subsectors
of the Cariri Region, 2000–05 118
4.7 Footwear Industry in Cariri, 1996 and 2006 121
4.8 Cariri Footwear Location Quotient 121
4.9ootwear and Manufacturing Industries, 2006 121
4.10 Cariri Footwear Firms, by Size 122
4.11ootwear Cluster Road Map 137
5.1 GDP, Selected Regions, 2002 and 2005 148
5.2 Monthly Per Capita Incomes, Selected Regions,
1991 and 2000 148
5.3 Population Trends for Selected Regions 149
5.4 Migration to Selected Regions, 1995–2000 150
5.5 Formal Employment Trends, 1995–2005 151
5.6 Formal Employment and Schooling, 2005 152
5.7 Formal Employment and Top 20 Mean Wages, 2005 153
5.8 LQ and Employment Growth: Major Sectors in
Each Quadrant 154
5.9 Top 10 Leading Four-Digit Subsectors, 2000 and 2005 157