Solar Energy: Let the Sun Shine In

Michael Graham M. Sc.

Description

This great body through its great magnetic and gravitational pull holds all the planets and their related planetary bodies in their respective orbits within the boundaries of this solar system and the great volume of energy dispensed by the Sun throughout the solar system maintains the perpetual motion, correct interplanetary distances of the planets and life on Earth. This energy generated within the Sun through nuclear fusion (Hanania et al 2020) is not unique to the Sun in our Solar System as there are billions of other such stars throughout the Milky Way Galaxy and the universe (NASA) that have similar energy profiles and planets that orbit them that could similarly help to foster life in many other places if solar energy was all that was required for life.

Sujets

• Sciences et techniques
• Michael Graham
• Environment
• Energy
• Education
• Énergie
• Solar
• Science

Informations

• Publié par: AuthorHouse
• Date de parution: 23 mars 2023
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9798823002424
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

Extrait

SOLAR ENERGY:
LET THE SUN SHINE IN




Michael Graham M. Sc.









© 2023 Michael Graham M. Sc.. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

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ISBN: 979-8-8230-0241-7 (sc)
ISBN: 979-8-8230-0242-4 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023903758



Published by AuthorHouse 03/16/2023







CONTENTS
Dedication
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1 Solar Radiation and Planet Earth
Chapter 2 Solar Thermal Energy Systems
Chapter 3 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
Chapter 4 Power Transmission and Distribution Systems
Chapter 5 Solar Energy Grid Integration System (SEGIS)
Chapter 6 The Impact of Solar Energy Production on the Environment
Chapter 7 Solar Geometry
Chapter 8 Solar Radiation
Chapter 9 Emerging Solar Energy Technology
Chapter 10 An Innovation in Solar Energy Technology
Chapter 11 The Future of Energy
References



DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to the two Sun’s that shone onto my solar collector for 41 years and dislodged my valent electrons to create the energy flow of learning that still guides all my life, Toby and Vera Graham.
MICHAEL ANTHONY GRAHAM



ABSTRACT
This great body through its great magnetic and gravitational pull holds all the planets and their related planetary bodies in their respective orbits within the boundaries of this solar system and the great volume of energy dispensed by the Sun throughout the solar system maintains the perpetual motion, correct interplanetary distances of the planets and life on Earth. This energy generated within the Sun through nuclear fusion (Hanania et al 2020) is not unique to the Sun in our Solar System as there are billions of other such stars throughout the Milky Way Galaxy and the universe (NASA) that have similar energy profiles and planets that orbit them that could similarly help to foster life in many other places if solar energy was all that was required for life.



INTRODUCTION

Fig I.1 Our Solar System. Source: NASA
The Earth exists as an integral part of a solar system that is a part of the Milky Way Galaxy which is one of many galaxies in a vast universe that is continually expanding and this vast universe consists of many solar systems and galaxies that are too numerous to count as there are billions of stars filling our universe. This makes the solar system in which the Earth exists relatively minute and physically insignificant except for the fact that this solar system and this galaxy is the only one in which life as humans know it is known to exists, even after many decades or maybe even many centuries of searching across the universe to find other life forms. The significance of this fact is that planet Earth with its varied life forms may be the only one of its kind in the universe and this awesome reality will not be diminished by much even if another planet which is an exact replica of Earth is located somewhere out there with life forms very similar to that on Earth, as this will only make Earth one of two in the universe of billions instead of only one in the same universe.
The Solar System in which the Earth exist consists of eight planets, many moons and an asteroid belt, all of which travel in different elliptical paths around a massive central yellow star which emits life giving energy on which all the planets within the system depend. In this solar system all of the planets rotate around the yellow star in a given path called an orbit, while the whole Solar System rotate around the Milky Way Galaxy. Each planet rotates around the yellow star, called the Sun, in a given orbit, at particular travel times and at set distances from the Sun and the travel time varies from 88 days for the smallest planet to orbit the Sun, to 225- 250 million earth years for the whole Solar System to orbit the Milky Way Galaxy (Earth-Sky 2016). The major elements of the Earth’s Solar System are the Sun and eight planets, namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, the moons that serve these planets and an asteroid belt. Each of the planets have the following characteristics (NASA):
• Mercury . This the smallest and the fastest planet with a radius of 1,516 miles, requiring only 88 Earth days to orbit the sun and it has the following characteristics, it is a terrestrial planet that is 36 million miles from the sun, day time temperatures of 430 0 C, night time temperatures of -180 0 C, it has no moon and no rings, has a rough rocky surface that is covered in craters and basins caused by meteoroid and comets crashing into it, it has a crust of basalt and silicates, a relatively large core made up of molten iron and an unbreathable atmosphere.
• Venus . This planet has a very thick atmosphere around it that acts to retain heat thereby making Venus the hottest planet and the basic characteristics of Venus are as follows, it is a terrestrial planet that is 67 million miles from the sun, has a radius of 3,760 miles, takes 225 Earth days to orbit the sun, has a surface temperature of 465 0 C, spins backwards relative to the Earth (sun rises in the west and sets in the east), has no moons or rings, has a core of iron, a mantle of molten rock, a crust of thick rock and a surface made up of craters and could not support life due to its high temperatures and acidic clouds.
• Earth . For human existence this is the most favorably placed planet relative to the Sun and is the only planet with surface water and the ability to sustain life as it is known on planet Earth and the basic characteristics of earth are as follows, it is a terrestrial planet that is approximately 93 million mile from the sun, it has a radius of approximately 3,958 miles, it takes 365 days to orbit the sun, has surface temperatures that vary between -126 and 136 degrees F, has 1 moon and no rings, has an inner core of iron and nickel, an outer core of iron and nickel fluids, a mantle that is 1800 miles thick consisting of a hot mixture of molten rocks, a crust that varies between 19 and 3 miles at average land levels and the bottom of sea floors, a surface covered with mountains, valleys, plains, lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, volcanoes and a lithosphere crust plus upper mantle made up of moving plates and a protective shield in the atmosphere around it that breaks up meteoroids that enter the atmosphere before they hit the surface.
• Mars . One of the most intriguing planets with its proximity to the earth and the possibility that it may have and might be able to support life, as billions of years in the past the planet was both wet and warm unlike its current status. The basic characteristics of Mars are as follows, it is a terrestrial planet that is approximately 142 million miles from the Sun, has radius of 2106 miles, takes 687 Earth days to orbit the sun, has surface temperature that varies between -243 to 68 degrees F, has two moons and no rings, has a core of made up of iron, nickel and sulfur, a mantle of rocks which is between 770-1200 miles thick, a crust 6- 30 miles thick made up of iron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium and potassium and a surface that is rocky, dusty and red in appearance.
• Jupiter . The largest of the planets in the solar system with a very interesting visage, specifically it has a permanent large dark red storm, that is larger than the earth, located within it and the basic characteristics of Jupiter are, it is a Gas Giant, that is 477 million miles from the sun, has radius of 43,440 miles, takes 4,333 Earth days to orbit the sun, has a surface temperature of – 234 degrees F, unknown core, no crust, no solid surface, 75 moons and rings and an atmosphere made up of hydrogen, helium, ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide and ammonium sulfide and does not support life.
• Saturn . This is a planet with large rings around it and the rings are the brightest, most massive and complex ring system of any planet and the basic characteristics of Saturn are, it is Gas Giant, that is 886 million miles from the Sun, has a radius of 36,183 miles, that takes 10,756 Earth days to orbit the sun, has a surface temperature of - 284 degrees F, a core that has never been observed, no crust or solid surface, has 53 confirmed moons, 29 others yet to be confirmed and rings, and has an atmosphere made up of ammonia clouds that does not support life.
• Uranus . One of the larger planets that is also quite interesting as it appears to tipped on its axis and the basic characteristics of Uranus are, it is a blue green Ice Giant, that is located 1.8 billion mile from the sun, with a radius of 15,759 miles, that takes 30,687 Earth days to orbit the sun, has 27 moons and 13 rings, has a surface temperature of – 356.8 degrees F, has a core of rocks and ice, has no crust, has a swirling liquid surface that turns to ice as it moves toward the core and an atmosphere made up of molecular hydrogen, atomic helium, methane, water and ammonia, that does not support life.
• Neptune . This planet is relatively large and has the distinction of being the only planet that was located first by mathematical calculation rather than by physical observations and the basic